@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp15769,
            	author={Abel, Martin and Burger, Rulof},
            	title={Choice over Payment Schemes and Worker Effort},
            	year={2022},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={15769},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15769},
	abstract={We study the effect of monetary incentives on effort in a prosocial task: writing letters encouraging voter turnout. Volunteers are randomized to receive no incentive, unconditional upfront payment, payment conditional on completing the task, or to have a choice between the two payment schemes. The unconditional and conditional payment both increase task completion rates by about 18 percentage points (43%). Giving people a choice between the payment scheme doubles the effect on task completion (35 p.p., 84%). Unlike unconditional payments, a choice over contracts also increases time spent on the task and letter quality. Survey responses suggest that giving people a choice is effective because it increases task ownership rather than the desire to return a favor or avoid feelings of guilt. },
	keywords={self determination;gift exchange;guilt aversion;labor supply},
            }