%0 Report
        %A Kunze, Astrid
%A Scharfenkamp, Katrin
        %T Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas
        %D 2022
        %8 2022 Nov
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 15691
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15691
        %X This study investigates boards of (non-executive) directors and whether employee representation has a positive effect on gender diversity on boards. We exploit rich, newly assembled board–director matched panel data for Norway and Germany, which contain unique information on whether a director represents shareholders or employees during the period around 2008, when a Norwegian board gender quota came into effect. We present two novel results that challenge previous thinking about the effects of board gender quotas on women directors. 
First, we find a positive impact of employee representation before the gender quota reform on gender diversity. Second, although the Norwegian gender quota has increased the probability of a director being female, the effect through employee representation has relatively decreased after the implementation of the reform. We discuss potential mechanisms and implications for the design of co-determination laws and gender quotas.

        %K women
%K co-determination
%K shared governance
%K employee representation
%K affirmative action
%K boards of directors
%K firm size