@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp15691,
            	author={Kunze, Astrid and Scharfenkamp, Katrin},
            	title={Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas},
            	year={2022},
	month={Nov},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={15691},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15691},
	abstract={This study investigates boards of (non-executive) directors and whether employee representation has a positive effect on gender diversity on boards. We exploit rich, newly assembled board–director matched panel data for Norway and Germany, which contain unique information on whether a director represents shareholders or employees during the period around 2008, when a Norwegian board gender quota came into effect. We present two novel results that challenge previous thinking about the effects of board gender quotas on women directors. 
First, we find a positive impact of employee representation before the gender quota reform on gender diversity. Second, although the Norwegian gender quota has increased the probability of a director being female, the effect through employee representation has relatively decreased after the implementation of the reform. We discuss potential mechanisms and implications for the design of co-determination laws and gender quotas.
},
	keywords={women;co-determination;shared governance;employee representation;affirmative action;boards of directors;firm size},
            }