@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp1539,
            	author={Gibbs, Michael},
            	title={Returns to Skills and Personnel Management: U.S. DoD Scientists and Engineers},
            	year={2005},
	month={Mar},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={1539},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp1539},
	abstract={Personnel records are used to examine compensation, recruitment, and retention of a group of very highly skilled workers: civilian scientists and engineers in U.S. Department of Defense laboratories. In contrast to the private sector, returns to skills were largely flat for this group from 1982-1996. Despite this, quality and performance of recruits relative to earlier cohorts, and of those retained relative to those who left, remained stable. One explanation is the importance of defense-industry-specific human capital. These results hold for three different pay plans, including the federal government’s primary plan and two intended to introduce greater flexibility in personnel management.},
	keywords={returns to skills;personnel;workforce quality},
            }