@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp15260,
            	author={Caliendo, Marco and Graeber, Daniel and Kritikos, Alexander S. and Seebauer, Johannes},
            	title={Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed},
            	year={2022},
	month={Apr},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={15260},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15260},
	abstract={We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people's mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.
},
	keywords={self-employment;PHQ-4 score;representative longitudinal survey data;mental health;resilience;gender;COVID-19},
            }