TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Haapanala, Henri
AU  - Marx, Ive
AU  - Parolin, Zachary
        TI  - Robots and Unions: The Moderating Effect of Organised Labour on Technological Unemployment
        PY  - 2022/Feb/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 15080
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15080
        AB  - We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced democracies over 1998-2019, we find that stronger trade unions in a country are associated with a greater decline in the industry sector employment of young and low-educated workers. We also show that the unemployment rates for low-educated workers remain constant in strongly unionised countries with increasing exposure to robots, whereas in weakly unionised countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions exacerbating the insider-outsider effects of technological change within the industrial sector, which however is not fully passed on to unemployment.
        KW  - unemployment
KW  - dual labour market
KW  - outsiders/insiders
KW  - technological change
KW  - trade unions
KW  - labour economics
        ER  -