@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp15080,
            	author={Haapanala, Henri and Marx, Ive and Parolin, Zachary},
            	title={Robots and Unions: The Moderating Effect of Organised Labour on Technological Unemployment},
            	year={2022},
	month={Feb},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={15080},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15080},
	abstract={We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced democracies over 1998-2019, we find that stronger trade unions in a country are associated with a greater decline in the industry sector employment of young and low-educated workers. We also show that the unemployment rates for low-educated workers remain constant in strongly unionised countries with increasing exposure to robots, whereas in weakly unionised countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions exacerbating the insider-outsider effects of technological change within the industrial sector, which however is not fully passed on to unemployment.},
	keywords={unemployment;dual labour market;outsiders/insiders;technological change;trade unions;labour economics},
            }