TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Bandiera, Oriana
AU  - Parekh, Nidhi
AU  - Petrongolo, Barbara
AU  - Rao, Michelle
        TI  - Men Are from Mars, and Women Too: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Overconfidence Experiments
        PY  - 2021/Dec/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 14950
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14950
        AB  - Gender differences in self-confidence could explain women's under representation in high-income occupations and glass-ceiling effects. We draw lessons from the economic literature via a survey of experts and a Bayesian hierarchical model that aggregates experimental findings over the last twenty years. The experts' survey indicates beliefs that men are overconfident and women under-confident. Yet, the literature reveals that both men and women are typically overconfident. Moreover, the model cannot reject the hypothesis that gender differences in self-confidence are equal to zero. In addition, the estimated pooling factor is low, implying that each study contains little information over a common phenomenon. The discordance can be reconciled if the experts overestimate the pooling factor or have priors that are biased and precise.
        KW  - Bayesian meta-analysis
KW  - over-confidence
KW  - gender gaps
        ER  -