%0 Report
        %A Bandiera, Oriana
%A Parekh, Nidhi
%A Petrongolo, Barbara
%A Rao, Michelle
        %T Men Are from Mars, and Women Too: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Overconfidence Experiments
        %D 2021
        %8 2021 Dec
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 14950
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14950
        %X Gender differences in self-confidence could explain women's under representation in high-income occupations and glass-ceiling effects. We draw lessons from the economic literature via a survey of experts and a Bayesian hierarchical model that aggregates experimental findings over the last twenty years. The experts' survey indicates beliefs that men are overconfident and women under-confident. Yet, the literature reveals that both men and women are typically overconfident. Moreover, the model cannot reject the hypothesis that gender differences in self-confidence are equal to zero. In addition, the estimated pooling factor is low, implying that each study contains little information over a common phenomenon. The discordance can be reconciled if the experts overestimate the pooling factor or have priors that are biased and precise.
        %K Bayesian meta-analysis
%K over-confidence
%K gender gaps