%0 Report
        %A Couch, Kenneth A.
%A Fairlie, Robert W.
%A Xu, Huanan
        %T The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
        %D 2021
        %8 2021 Nov
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 14811
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14811
        %X We explore whether COVID-19 disproportionately affected women in the labor market using CPS data through the end of 2020. We find that male-female gaps in the employment-to-population ratio and hours worked for women with school-age children have widened but not for those with younger children. Triple-difference estimates are consistent with most of the reductions observed for women with school-age children being attributable to additional child care responsibilities (the "COVID motherhood penalty"). Conducting decompositions, we find women had a greater likelihood to telework, higher education levels and a less-impacted occupational distribution, which all contributed to lessening negative impacts relative to men.
        %K gender inequality
%K female labor supply
%K pandemic
%K Coronavirus
%K COVID-19
%K child care
%K motherhood penalty