TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
AU  - Antman, Francisca M.
        TI  - De Facto Immigration Enforcement, ICE Raid Awareness, and Worker Engagement
        PY  - 2021/Aug/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 14646
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14646
        AB  - We explore whether fear of apprehension affects immigrants' labor market engagement by examining how ICE removals due to immigration violations and increased awareness of immigration raids impact their labor market outcomes. We find that ICE deportations are associated with reductions in the labor force participation and employment of likely undocumented immigrants when compared to similarly skilled foreign-born U.S.citizens. Effects are particularly strong among women, especially those with children, as well as in industries likely targeted by ICE raids. Controlling for perceived threats and de jure immigration policies has little impact on these results.
        KW  - immigration raids
KW  - undocumented immigrants
KW  - labor supply
        ER  -