TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Zivin, Joshua Graff
AU  - Neidell, Matthew
AU  - Sanders, Nicholas
AU  - Singer, Gregor
        TI  - When Externalities Collide: Influenza and Pollution
        PY  - 2021/May/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 14399
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14399
        AB  - Influenza and air pollution each pose significant public health risks with large global economic consequences. The common pathways through which each harms health presents an interesting case of compounding risk via interacting externalities. Using instrumental variables based on changing wind directions, we show increased levels of contemporaneous pollution significantly increase influenza hospitalizations. We exploit random variations in the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine as an additional instrument to show vaccine protection neutralizes this relationship. This suggests seemingly disparate policy actions of pollution control and vaccination campaigns jointly provide greater returns than those implied by addressing either in isolation.
        KW  - externalities
KW  - vaccines
KW  - hospitalizations
KW  - influenza
KW  - air pollution
        ER  -