TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio
AU  - Molina, José Alberto
AU  - Velilla, Jorge
        TI  - Two-Way Commuting: Asymmetries from Time Use Surveys
        PY  - 2021/Mar/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 14235
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14235
        AB  - Daily commuting of workers is a complex phenomenon that has attracted research attention for many years and, despite the significant literature acknowledging differences between morning and evening commuting, commuting to and from work are considered symmetric trips in much of the prior research. We explore the asymmetries in time spent commuting to and from work, in seven countries, using detailed time use records from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS). We focus on the duration, mode of transport, and timing of commuting trips, and we provide evidence on what socio-demographic characteristics are related to such asymmetries. We find that commutes to work (usually in the morning) last longer than commutes from work (usually in the afternoon or evening), although there are quantitative differences among countries. The timing of commuting also differs across countries, although commutes to work are more concentrated at certain hours in the morning than commutes from work. Our results may serve for a better design of public policies that take this heterogeneity into account in the commuting behavior of different population groups.
        KW  - Multinational Time Use Study
KW  - two-way commuting
KW  - commuting symmetries
KW  - time use survey
        ER  -