@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp14208,
            	author={Cunningham, Jamein and Feir, Donn. L. and Gillezeau, Rob},
            	title={Collective Bargaining Rights, Policing, and Civilian Deaths},
            	year={2021},
	month={Mar},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={14208},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14208},
	abstract={Do collective bargaining rights for law enforcement result in more civilian deaths at the hands of the police? Using an event-study design, we find that the introduction of duty to bargain requirements with police unions has led to a significant increase in non-white civilian deaths at the hands of police during the late twentieth century. We find no impact on various crime rate measures and suggestive evidence of a decline in police employment, consistent with increasing compensation. Our results indicate that the adoption of collective bargaining rights for law enforcement can explain approximately 10 percent of the total non-white civilian deaths at the hands of law enforcement between 1959 and 1988. This effect is robust to a contiguous county approach, accounting for heterogeneity in treatment timing, and numerous other specifications. While the relationship between police unions and violence against civilians is not clear ex-ante, our results show that the popular notion that police unions exacerbate police violence is empirically grounded.},
	keywords={police unions;policing;deaths by legal intervention;collective bargaining;discrimination},
            }