@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp14003,
            	author={Wang, Xintong and Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso},
            	title={Conscription and Military Service: Do They Result in Future Violent and Non-Violent Incarcerations and Recidivism?},
            	year={2020},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={14003},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp14003},
	abstract={Employing nonparametric bounds, we examine the effect of military service on incarceration outcomes using the Vietnam draft lotteries as a possibly invalid instrumental variable for military service. The draft is allowed to have a direct effect on the outcomes independently of military service, disposing of the exclusion restriction. We find: (i) suggestive but not strong statistical evidence that the direct effect of the draft increases the incarceration rate for violent offenses for a particular cohort of draft avoiders, and (ii) military service increases the incarceration rate for violent and nonviolent crimes of white volunteers and veterans in certain birth cohorts.},
	keywords={conscription;military service;nonparametric bounds;incarceration;crime},
            }