TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Hansen, Jörgen
AU  - Kristensen, Nicolai
AU  - Andersen, Henrik Lindegaard
        TI  - The Bottom 20%: Early Career Paths of Adolescents with Low GPA
        PY  - 2020/Aug/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 13564
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp13564
        AB  - Across nations, large proportions of younger birth cohorts obtain no professional qualications. Using a structural dynamic approach, we analyze policies targeted adolescents who leave grade nine with a GPA in the bottom 20%. We find that preparatory courses, offered to young people who are unable to commence a qualifying degree, have no positive impact on future labor market outcomes. Unobservable noncognitive qualities are more important for this group than are cognitive skills. Education is a good option for some, but not for all. Implications for mechanism design and wage support schemes are discussed.
        KW  - structural dynamic programming
KW  - adolescents
KW  - education
        ER  -