%0 Report
        %A Hansen, Jörgen
%A Kristensen, Nicolai
%A Andersen, Henrik Lindegaard
        %T The Bottom 20%: Early Career Paths of Adolescents with Low GPA
        %D 2020
        %8 2020 Aug
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 13564
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp13564
        %X Across nations, large proportions of younger birth cohorts obtain no professional qualications. Using a structural dynamic approach, we analyze policies targeted adolescents who leave grade nine with a GPA in the bottom 20%. We find that preparatory courses, offered to young people who are unable to commence a qualifying degree, have no positive impact on future labor market outcomes. Unobservable noncognitive qualities are more important for this group than are cognitive skills. Education is a good option for some, but not for all. Implications for mechanism design and wage support schemes are discussed.
        %K structural dynamic programming
%K adolescents
%K education