@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp13564,
            	author={Hansen, Jörgen and Kristensen, Nicolai and Andersen, Henrik Lindegaard},
            	title={The Bottom 20%: Early Career Paths of Adolescents with Low GPA},
            	year={2020},
	month={Aug},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={13564},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp13564},
	abstract={Across nations, large proportions of younger birth cohorts obtain no professional qualications. Using a structural dynamic approach, we analyze policies targeted adolescents who leave grade nine with a GPA in the bottom 20%. We find that preparatory courses, offered to young people who are unable to commence a qualifying degree, have no positive impact on future labor market outcomes. Unobservable noncognitive qualities are more important for this group than are cognitive skills. Education is a good option for some, but not for all. Implications for mechanism design and wage support schemes are discussed.},
	keywords={structural dynamic programming;adolescents;education},
            }