TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Westphal, Matthias
AU  - Kamhöfer, Daniel A.
AU  - Schmitz, Hendrik
        TI  - Marginal College Wage Premiums under Selection into Employment
        PY  - 2020/Jun/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 13382
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp13382
        AB  - In this paper, we identify female long-term wage returns to college education using the educational expansion between 1960-1990 in West Germany as exogenous variation for college enrollment. We estimate marginal treatment effects to learn about the underlying behavioral structure of women who decide for or against going to college (e.g., whether there is selection into gains). We propose a simple partial identification technique using an adjusted version of the Lee bounds to account for women who select into employment due to having a college education, which we call college-induced selection into employment (CISE). We find that women are, on average, more than 17 percentage points more likely to be employed due to having a college education than without. Taking this CISE into account, we find wage returns of 6-12 percent per year of education completed (average treatment effects on the treated).
        KW  - returns to higher education
KW  - partial identification
KW  - marginal treatment effect
KW  - female labor force participation
        ER  -