@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp13126,
            	author={Jakiela, Pamela and Ozier, Owen},
            	title={Gendered Language},
            	year={2020},
	month={Apr},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={13126},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp13126},
	abstract={Languages use different systems for classifying nouns. Gender languages assign nouns to distinct sex-based categories, masculine and feminine. We construct a new data set, documenting the presence or absence of grammatical gender in more than 4,000 languages which together account for more than 99% of the world's population. We find a robust negative cross-country relationship between prevalence of gender languages and women's labor force participation and educational attainment. We replicate these associations in four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and in India, showing that educational attainment and female labor force participation are lower among those whose native languages use grammatical gender.},
	keywords={grammatical gender;language;gender;linguistic determinism;labor force participation;educational attainment;gender gaps},
            }