TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Woessmann, Ludger
        TI  - How Equal Are Educational Opportunities? Family Background and Student Achievement in Europe and the United States
        PY  - 2004/Sep/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 1284
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp1284
        AB  - This paper estimates the effects of family-background characteristics on student performance in the US and 17 Western European school systems. Family background has strong effects both in Europe and the United States, remarkably similar in size. France and Flemish Belgium achieve the most equitable performance for students from different family backgrounds, and Britain and Germany the least. Equality of opportunities is unrelated to countries’ mean performance. Quantile regressions show little variation in family-background effects across the ability distribution in most countries. 
        KW  - intergenerational mobility
KW  - equity-efficiency tradeoff
KW  - TIMSS
KW  - family background
KW  - student performance
KW  - equality of opportunity
        ER  -