TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Wang, Chunbei
AU  - Lofstrom, Magnus
        TI  - September 11 and the Rise of Necessity Self-Employment among Mexican Immigrants
        PY  - 2019/Aug/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 12555
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp12555
        AB  - Since the September 11 attacks (9/11), the U.S. has seen a tightening of immigration policies. Previous studies find that stricter immigration enforcement has the unintended effect of pushing undocumented immigrants into self-employment. This paper builds on the literature to better understand the changes in the types of self-employment among Mexican immigrants triggered by the tightened immigration enforcement after 9/11. Using a difference-in-differences approach, and the recently developed measures by Fairlie and Fossen [2018] to distinguish between necessity and opportunity self-employment, we find that both necessity and opportunity self-employment increased among Mexican immigrants after 9/11. However, the effect is most prominent on necessity self-employment, consistent with the hypothesis that they are pushed into self-employment as a survival alternative.
        KW  - 9/11
KW  - self-employment
KW  - mexican immigrants
KW  - tightened immigration policies
KW  - necessity
        ER  -