%0 Report
        %A Wang, Chunbei
%A Lofstrom, Magnus
        %T September 11 and the Rise of Necessity Self-Employment among Mexican Immigrants
        %D 2019
        %8 2019 Aug
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 12555
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp12555
        %X Since the September 11 attacks (9/11), the U.S. has seen a tightening of immigration policies. Previous studies find that stricter immigration enforcement has the unintended effect of pushing undocumented immigrants into self-employment. This paper builds on the literature to better understand the changes in the types of self-employment among Mexican immigrants triggered by the tightened immigration enforcement after 9/11. Using a difference-in-differences approach, and the recently developed measures by Fairlie and Fossen [2018] to distinguish between necessity and opportunity self-employment, we find that both necessity and opportunity self-employment increased among Mexican immigrants after 9/11. However, the effect is most prominent on necessity self-employment, consistent with the hypothesis that they are pushed into self-employment as a survival alternative.
        %K 9/11
%K self-employment
%K mexican immigrants
%K tightened immigration policies
%K necessity