@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp12555,
            	author={Wang, Chunbei and Lofstrom, Magnus},
            	title={September 11 and the Rise of Necessity Self-Employment among Mexican Immigrants},
            	year={2019},
	month={Aug},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={12555},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp12555},
	abstract={Since the September 11 attacks (9/11), the U.S. has seen a tightening of immigration policies. Previous studies find that stricter immigration enforcement has the unintended effect of pushing undocumented immigrants into self-employment. This paper builds on the literature to better understand the changes in the types of self-employment among Mexican immigrants triggered by the tightened immigration enforcement after 9/11. Using a difference-in-differences approach, and the recently developed measures by Fairlie and Fossen [2018] to distinguish between necessity and opportunity self-employment, we find that both necessity and opportunity self-employment increased among Mexican immigrants after 9/11. However, the effect is most prominent on necessity self-employment, consistent with the hypothesis that they are pushed into self-employment as a survival alternative.},
	keywords={9/11;self-employment;mexican immigrants;tightened immigration policies;necessity},
            }