%0 Report
        %A Brunello, Giorgio
%A Kiss, David
        %T Math Scores in High Stakes Grades
        %D 2019
        %8 2019 May
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 12338
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp12338
        %X We investigate whether tests taken during a high stakes grade by German primary and secondary students produce higher math scores than in lower stakes grades. We identify a high stakes grade with the final grade of primary or secondary school, because good performance in that grade can affect future opportunities. Our difference-in-differences estimates show that high stakes increase math scores on average by 0.17 to 0.23 standard deviations, a sizeable effect.  
        %K (perceived) returns to education
%K high stakes testing
%K student motivation
%K achievement