TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Brown, J. David
AU  - Earle, John S.
AU  - Kim, Mee Jung
AU  - Lee, Kyung Min
        TI  - Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Innovation in the U.S. High-Tech Sector
        PY  - 2019/Feb/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 12190
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp12190
        AB  - We estimate differences in innovation behavior between foreign versus U.S.-born entrepreneurs in high-tech industries. Our data come from the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs, a random sample of firms with detailed information on owner characteristics and innovation activities. We find uniformly higher rates of innovation in immigrant-owned firms for 15 of 16 different innovation measures; the only exception is for copyright/trademark. The immigrant advantage holds for older firms as well as for recent start-ups and for every level of the entrepreneur's education. The size of the estimated immigrant-native differences in product and process innovation activities rises with detailed controls for demographic and human capital characteristics but falls for R&D and patenting. Controlling for finance, motivations, and industry reduces all coefficients, but for most measures and specifications immigrants are estimated to have a sizable advantage in innovation.
        KW  - innovation
KW  - entrepreneur
KW  - immigration
KW  - high-tech
KW  - patent
        ER  -