@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp12028,
            	author={Sparber, Chad},
            	title={Substitution between Groups of Highly-Educated, Foreign-Born, H-1B Workers},
            	year={2018},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={12028},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp12028},
	abstract={Highly-educated foreign-born workers can secure legal US employment through the H-1B program. The annual cap on H-1B issuances varies across individuals' US educational experience, H-1B work history, and employer type. Caps are met quickly in most but not all years. This paper exploits these differences to identify whether firms substitute across different sources of highly-educated, foreign-born, H-1B labor. New H-1B workers without advanced degrees from US universities substitute with new H-1B workers possessing advanced US degrees. We find no evidence for substitution with established H-1B workers.},
	keywords={H-1B status;skilled workers;immigrant},
            }