@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp11920,
            	author={Huffman, David B. and Bognanno, Michael L.},
            	title={High-Powered Performance Pay and Crowding out of Non-Monetary Motives},
            	year={2018},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={11920},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp11920},
	abstract={A previous literature cautions that paying workers for performance might crowd out non-monetary motives to work hard. Empirical evidence from the field, however, has been based on between-subjects designs that are best suited for detecting crowding out due to low-powered incentives. High-powered incentives in the workplace tend to increase output, but it is unknown whether this masks crowding out. This paper uses a within-subject experimental design and finds evidence that crowding out also extends to high-powered incentives, in a real work setting with paid workers. There is individual heterogeneity, however, with a minority of workers report crowding in of motivation. Thus, the impact of performance pay might depend on the mix of worker types.},
	keywords={intrinsic motivation;incentives;non-cognitive skills;experiment},
            }