@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp9595,
            	author={Zhang, Liang and Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Liu, Xiangmin},
            	title={Changing Faculty Employment at Four-Year Colleges and Universities in the United States},
            	year={2015},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={9595},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp9595},
	abstract={We use panel data models to examine variations and changes in faculty employment at four-year colleges and universities in the United States. The share of part-time faculty among total faculty has continued to grow during the last two decades, while the share of full-time lecturers and instructors has been relatively stable. Meanwhile, the share of non-tenure track faculty among full-time faculty has been growing, especially among the professorial ranks.
Dynamic panel data models suggest that employment levels of different types of faculty respond to a variety of economic and institutional factors. Colleges and universities have increasingly employed faculty whose salaries and benefits are relatively inexpensive; the slowly deteriorating financial situations at most colleges and universities have led to an increasing reliance on a contingent academic workforce. A cross-sectional comparison of the share of full-time non-tenure track faculty also reveals significant variations across institutions.},
	keywords={faculty employment;non tenure-track faculty},
            }