TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Böckerman, Petri
AU  - Bryson, Alex
AU  - Viinikainen, Jutta
AU  - Hakulinen, Christian
AU  - Pulkki-Raback, Laura
AU  - Raitakari, Olli
        TI  - Biomarkers and Long-term Labour Market Outcomes: The Case of Creatine
        PY  - 2014/Mar/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 8029
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp8029
        AB  - Using the Young Finns Study (YFS) combined with the Finnish Linked Employer-Employee Data (FLEED) we show that quantities of creatine measured in 1980 prior to labour market entry affect labour market outcomes over the period 1990-2010. Those with higher levels of creatine (proxied by urine creatinine) prior to labour market entry spend more time in the labour market in the subsequent two decades and earn more. Creatine is not associated with high educational attainment. The associations between creatine and labour market outcomes are robust to controlling for other biomarkers, educational attainment and parental background. Creatine is a naturally occurring nitrogenous organic acid which supplies energy to body cells, including muscles. Our findings are consistent with high energy levels, induced by creatine, leading to productivity-enhancing traits such as a high propensity for effort, perseverance, and high-commitment.
        KW  - biomarkers
KW  - creatine
KW  - creatinine
KW  - labour market
KW  - earnings
KW  - employment
        ER  -