@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp8016,
            	author={Becker, Sascha O. and Nagler, Markus and Woessmann, Ludger},
            	title={Education Promoted Secularization},
            	year={2014},
	month={Mar},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={8016},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp8016},
	abstract={Why did substantial parts of Europe abandon the institutionalized churches around 1900? Empirical studies using modern data mostly contradict the traditional view that education was a leading source of the seismic social phenomenon of secularization. We construct a unique panel dataset of advanced-school enrollment and Protestant church attendance in German cities between 1890 and 1930. Our cross-sectional estimates replicate a positive association. By contrast, in panel models where fixed effects account for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity, education – but not income or urbanization – is negatively related to church attendance. In panel models with lagged explanatory variables, educational expansion precedes reduced church attendance.},
	keywords={history;education;secularization;Germany},
            }