TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Bertoli, Simone
AU  - Moraga, Jesús Fernández-Huertas
        TI  - Visa Policies, Networks and the Cliff at the Border
        PY  - 2012/Dec/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 7094
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp7094
        AB  - The scale of international migration flows depends on moving costs that are, in turn, influenced by host-country policies and by the size of migrant networks at destination. This paper estimates the influence of visa policies and networks upon bilateral migration flows to multiple destinations. We rely on a Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator to derive estimates that are consistent under more general distributional assumptions on the underlying RUM model than the ones commonly adopted in the literature. We derive bounds for the estimated direct and indirect effects of visa policies and networks that reflect the uncertainty connected to the use of aggregate data, and we show that bilateral migration flows can be highly sensitive to the immigration policies set by other destination countries, an externality that we are able to quantify.
        KW  - visa policies
KW  - networks
KW  - international migration
KW  - multiple destinations
KW  - externalities
        ER  -