%0 Report
        %A Budría, Santiago
%A Swedberg, Pablo
        %T The Impact of Language Proficiency on Immigrants' Earnings in Spain
        %D 2012
        %8 2012 Oct
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 6957
        %U https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp6957
        %X This article uses micro-data from the Spanish National Immigrant Survey to investigate the impact of Spanish language proficiency on immigrants' earnings. The results, based on Instrumental Variables (IV), point to a substantial earnings return to Spanish proficiency, of approximately 27%. This figure varies largely across educational groups, with high-qualified workers earning a premium of almost 50%. This conspicuous complementarity between formal qualifications and language skills poses a challenge for traditional language training policies, for these typically neglect the immigrants' heterogeneous educational background.
        %K instrumental variables
%K immigration
%K Spanish language proficiency
%K earnings