@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp6957,
            	author={Budría, Santiago and Swedberg, Pablo},
            	title={The Impact of Language Proficiency on Immigrants' Earnings in Spain},
            	year={2012},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={6957},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp6957},
	abstract={This article uses micro-data from the Spanish National Immigrant Survey to investigate the impact of Spanish language proficiency on immigrants' earnings. The results, based on Instrumental Variables (IV), point to a substantial earnings return to Spanish proficiency, of approximately 27%. This figure varies largely across educational groups, with high-qualified workers earning a premium of almost 50%. This conspicuous complementarity between formal qualifications and language skills poses a challenge for traditional language training policies, for these typically neglect the immigrants' heterogeneous educational background.},
	keywords={instrumental variables;immigration;Spanish language proficiency;earnings},
            }