@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp6628,
            	author={Bratti, Massimiliano and Benedictis, Luca De and Santoni, Gianluca},
            	title={On the Pro-Trade Effects of Immigrants},
            	year={2012},
	month={Jun},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={6628},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp6628},
	abstract={In this paper we investigate the causal effect of immigration on trade flows, using Italian panel data covering very small geographical units (NUTS-3). Exploiting the very favorable setup offered by Italy's features – the very high number of countries of origin of immigrants ('super-diversity'), the high heterogeneity of social and economic characteristics of Italian provinces coupled with the absence of cultural (e.g. language) or historical (colonial ties) attractors for immigration –, controlling for a wide set of fixed effects, and dealing with the possible distortions generated by the inappropriate choice of the areal unit, we find a positive association between immigrants' stocks and both export and import flows, in line with the past literature. However, using instrumental variables based on migration enclaves, we show that immigrants have a positive and significant effect on imports only.},
	keywords={MAUP;business and social networks effects;transplanted-home bias effect;migration;trade;gravity model;super-diversity},
            }