TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Holzheu, Kerstin
AU  - Muñoz-Morales, Juan S.
        TI  - Life-Cycle Wage Growth and Firm Productivity in Developed and Developing Economies
        PY  - 2026/Sep/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18970
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp18970
        AB  - Life-cycle wage growth varies substantially across countries. We examine the role of the firm productivity distribution by introducing a random-search model that disentangles firm heterogeneity, on-the-job learning, and labor-market frictions. Estimates for Brazil, Colombia, and the United States reveal two distinct disadvantages: a long left tail of low-paying firms in Brazil and a highly compressed firm ladder in Colombia. Counterfactuals show that equating each country's  firm distribution to that of the United States closes most of the cross-country gap in life-cycle wage growth: Brazil's wage growth rises from 73 to 103 percent of the U.S. value, and Colombia's from 52 to 115 percent. These results are robust to alternative distributional assumptions, education residualization, and external discipline on the productivity tail.
        KW  - labor markets
KW  - income profiles
KW  - developing countries
        ER  -