@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18788,
            	author={Verhaeghe, Pieter-Paul and Devos, Louise and Ghekiere, Abel and Baert, Stijn and Lippens, Louis},
            	title={The State of Rental Discrimination: A Meta-Analytical Comparison of Five Discrimination Grounds in the Housing Market},
            	year={2026},
	month={Jul},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18788},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp18788},
	abstract={This meta-analysis compares patterns of rental discrimination across five grounds: ethno-racial origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, and social origin. We analyze 475 field experimental estimates from 31 countries, published between 2002 and 2024. In the random-effects pooled estimates, discrimination is substantial across all grounds, with the highest levels for ethno-racial origin, social origin, and disability, and smaller penalties for men and same-sex couples. For several grounds, the pooled effect attenuates toward no discrimination after correction for small-study publication bias. Marked heterogeneity exists, including a clear ethno-racial hierarchy with the strongest penalties for Arab, North African or Turkish applicants. Contrary to prior work, discrimination is higher in Europe than in North America for ethno-racial origin and sexual orientation. There is no consistent decline over time, except for social origin. Real estate agents discriminate less than private landlords, but only for ethno-racial origin. Mode-of-contact effects are mixed. Overall, discrimination appears persistent and context-dependent, calling for more targeted and effectively enforced policy interventions.},
	keywords={meta-analysis;discrimination;housing;ethnic origin;gender;disability;social origin;sexual orientation},
            }