TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Gupta, Nabanita Datta
AU  - Bentsen, Kristian Hedeager
AU  - Kim, Youngsook
AU  - Stratton, Leslie S.
        TI  - The Effect of Non-Parental Childcare on Parental Employment, Care Time and Quality: Time Diary Evidence from Korea, the UK, and Denmark
        PY  - 2026/Jun/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18738
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp18738
        AB  - We compare the effects of non-parental care (NPC) for young children on mothers’ and fathers’ employment and childcare time, using data from Korea, the United Kingdom, and Denmark. Our findings indicate that mothers using NPC are more likely to be employed, particularly in Korea. Correspondingly, in all three countries mothers using NPC spend less time on childcare on weekdays, but in Korea less time is also spent on weekends and on quality care. The effects for fathers are rarely significant. We find evidence that family-friendly workplaces, care type, and gender norms all play a role in explaining the cross-country differences.
        KW  - non-parental care
KW  - employment
KW  - parental care time
KW  - parenting quality
KW  - survey data
KW  - time-use
KW  - time-diary data
        ER  -