TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Frederiksen, Anders
AU  - Junker-Jensen, Louis
        TI  - The Part-Time Penalty
        PY  - 2026/Mar/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18401
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp18401
        AB  - We study the part-time penalty. Using Danish register data, the Danish Labor Force Survey, and hospital personnel records, we show that the pay gap between part-time and full-time workers is sizable and increases over the career because the two groups accumulate different levels of human capital over time. Our best estimates of the part-time penalty are for nurses. The penalty is 14 percent at the beginning of the career and increases by 0.5 percent each year. This pay gap is closely related to the development of nurses' competence level, highlighting the persistent effects that part-time work has on lifetime earnings.
        KW  - part-time penalty
KW  - career
KW  - gender
KW  - pay gap
        ER  -