@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18228,
            	author={Goos, Maarten and Salomons, Anna and Scheer, Bas and Berge, Wiljan Van den},
            	title={Domestic Outsourcing and Worker Outcomes: Evidence from Staffing Firms},
            	year={2025},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18228},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp18228},
	abstract={The rising incidence of alternative work arrangements, such as outsourcing, raises important questions about worker outcomes in such non-standard labor contracts. We study this question in the Netherlands, a country with a rapid rise in flexible labor contracts, using administrative employer-employee data from 2006--2019. To identify the causal impact of outsourcing, we take advantage of a legal arrangement called "payrolling", where workers hired by one firm are placed on a staffing firm's payroll while maintaining their job duties at the original firm. We find that outsourced workers experience worse labor market outcomes compared to a matched control group. These include persistently lower employment probability, lower hourly wage growth, a lower incidence of permanent contracts, and strikingly reduced pension contributions. This suggests that outsourcing erodes employment protection and job quality and leads to long-term scarring of labor market outcomes.},
	keywords={non-standard work arrangements;outsourcing;staffing companies;labor contracts},
            }