@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18165,
            	author={Akesaka, Mika and Shigeoka, Hitoshi},
            	title={Hotter Days, Wider Gap: The Distributional Impact of Heat on Student Achievement},
            	year={2025},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18165},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp18165},
	abstract={This study demonstrates that heat disproportionately impairs human capital accumulation among low-performing students compared with their high-performing peers, using nationwide examination data from 22 million students in Japan. Given the strong correlation between academic performance and socioeconomic background, this suggests that heat exposure exacerbates pre-existing socioeconomic disparities among children. However, access to air conditioning in schools significantly mitigates these adverse effects across all achievement levels, with particularly pronounced benefits for lower-performing students. These findings suggest that public investment in school infrastructure can help reduce the unevenly distributed damage caused by heat to student learning, thereby promoting both efficiency and equity.},
	keywords={air conditioning;adaptation;student achievement;distributional impact;heat;children;climate change},
            }