@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp17895,
            	author={Costa-Font, Joan and Vilaplana-Prieto, Cristina},
            	title={An Overworked Leave?  Health Care Workforce Effects of Brexit},
            	year={2025},
	month={May},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={17895},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17895},
	abstract={We study the impact of the Brexit referendum on the quality of employment and working conditions of workers in the National Health Service (NHS). We use a difference-in-differences (DiD) design and propensity score matching to compare NHS employees with a control group referring to occupations less exposed to employees from the European Union (EU) before Brexit. We document that Brexit led to the average reduction of job satisfaction by 1.39% - largest for physicians (2.6%) and nurses (2.4%) - and an increase of both paid (1.75 hours/week) and unpaid working hours (8.3 hours/week). Nonetheless, the effect was heterogeneous despite the general rise in working time. Indeed, job satisfaction fell by 2.6% among British workers but increased by 3% among overseas workers. These changes were accompanied by a comparable reduction in leisure time and a higher likelihood of workers intending to leave their jobs, suggesting broader behavioural effects that may undermine NHS productivity.},
	keywords={job satisfaction;workforce motivation;Brexit;health care workforce;workforce composition;leisure satisfaction;NHS.},
            }