@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp17643,
            	author={Ballatore, Rosario Maria and Palma, Alessandro and Vuri, Daniela},
            	title={Degrees of Deception: How Score Manipulation Mitigates Temperature's Impact on Student Performance},
            	year={2025},
	month={Jan},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={17643},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17643},
	abstract={Using Italian data on the universe of mandatory tests conducted in a low-stakes setting without air conditioning, we investigate the effect of temperature on student performance, with a focus on how manipulation distorts causal estimates of temperature effects on test scores. While high temperatures adversely affect students' performance, we find that score manipulation also increases with temperature within a specific range. Leveraging the random assignment of inspectors to schools as a natural experiment, we estimate the effect of temperature on test scores net of manipulation. We find that achievement declines at lower temperature thresholds when manipulation is accounted for, implying a larger number of affected students than previously estimated. Additionally, individual survey responses collected during the tests indicate that very high temperatures induce shifts in students' emotional states, affecting self-esteem and anxiety levels.},
	keywords={student performance;temperature;manipulation;cognitive ability;emotional stress},
            }