@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp17534,
            	author={Gaul, Johannes J. and Keusch, Florian and Rostam-Afschar, Davud and Simon, Thomas},
            	title={Invitation Messages for Business Surveys: A Multi-Armed Bandit Experiment},
            	year={2024},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={17534},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17534},
	abstract={This study investigates how elements of a survey invitation message targeted to businesses influence their participation in a self-administered web survey. We implement a full factorial experiment varying five key components of the email invitation. Unlike traditional experimental setups with static group composition, however, we employ adaptive randomization in our sequential research design. Specifically, as the experiment progresses, a Bayesian learning algorithm assigns more observations to invitation messages with higher starting rates. Our results indicate that personalizing the message, emphasizing the authority of the sender, and pleading for help increase survey starting rates, while stressing strict privacy policies and changing the location of the survey URL have no response-enhancing effect. The implementation of adaptive randomization is useful for other applications of survey design and methodology.},
	keywords={adaptive randomization;reinforcement learning;nonresponse;email invitation;web survey;firm survey;organizational survey},
            }