TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Cascio, Elizabeth U.
        TI  - School Progression and the Grade Distribution of Students: Evidence from the Current Population Survey
        PY  - 2005/Sep/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 1747
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp1747
        AB  - Education researchers have long made inferences about grade retention from the grade distribution of same-aged students. Recent economics studies have followed suit. This paper examines the validity of the "below grade" proxy for retention using data from supplemental questionnaires administered in the U.S. Current Population Survey during the 1990s. I estimate that 21% of non-repeaters are below grade, while 12% of repeaters are not. Misclassification attenuates regression coefficients by 35% when the proxy is an outcome and by 65% when it is a regressor. The latter figure is a benchmark, as classification and regression errors are arguably correlated. Biases are likely substantial in other surveys and time periods.
        KW  - grade retention
KW  - misclassification
KW  - nonclassical measurement error
        ER  -