TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Adams-Prassl, Abi
AU  - Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard
AU  - Petrongolo, Barbara
        TI  - Birth Timing and Spacing: Implications for Parental Leave Dynamics and Child Penalties
        PY  - 2024/Nov/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 17438
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17438
        AB  - We develop new facts on relationships between the timing and spacing of births, parental leave take-up, and labor market outcomes using Danish administrative data. We document substantial heterogeneity in age at first birth across maternal skill levels. Average spacing of pregnancies is also tighter for highly skilled mothers, resulting in higher fertility levels and time on parental leave soon after first birth. We estimate event studies by skill level and find that much of child penalties in earnings and participation after first birth can be explained by incapacitation effects from parental leave around subsequent births, especially for the highly educated.
        KW  - fertility
KW  - child penalty
KW  - skill
        ER  -