@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp17407,
            	author={Liu, Kelly J. and Stutzer, Alois},
            	title={The Role of Social Mobility Experience in Zero-Sum Beliefs},
            	year={2024},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={17407},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17407},
	abstract={In today's world where growth and capital accumulation are the norm, many people still adhere to zero-sum thinking, the belief that gains for one party can only come at the expense of another party. The perception of economic exchange as zero-sum can lead to excessive competition and uncooperative behavior. We investigate social mobility as a driver of zero-sum beliefs by leveraging worldwide survey data and recently published data on intergenerational educational mobility. We find that a higher probability of experienced downward mobility in an individual's cohort and education group is associated with increased zero-sum beliefs. Consistent with gender-specific status concerns, experienced downward mobility only strengthens zero-sum beliefs for men.},
	keywords={zero-sum;social mobility;intergenerational mobility;belief formation;gender norms},
            }