TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Ahammer, Alexander
AU  - Packham, Analisa
        TI  - Supply-Side Drug Policy, Polydrug Use, and the Economic Effects of Withdrawal Symptoms
        PY  - 2024/Aug/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 17192
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17192
        AB  - Despite the fact that 30 percent of opioid overdoses also involve a benzodiazepine, there is little policy guidance on how to curb concurrent misuse and even less evidence on how changes to co-prescribing practices can affect patients' economic trajectories. In 2012, Austria restricted access to flunitrazepam, one of the most potent, and most heavily misused, benzodiazepines. We use linked individual-level data to identify opioid users and estimate the reform's impact on their health and labor market outcomes relative to a randomly selected comparison group of non-opioid users. Estimates indicate a 12.7 percent drop in employment, a 13.1 percent increase in unemployment insurance claims, and a 26.5 percent increase in overall healthcare expenditures. We provide suggestive evidence that these effects are due to incapacitating withdrawal symptoms, rather than substitution to other drugs, including heroin or alcohol.
        KW  - opioids
KW  - substance use disorder treatment
KW  - benzodiazepines
        ER  -