@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp17144,
            	author={Aydin, Eren and Gehrsitz, Markus and Traxler, Christian},
            	title={Greener Fleet, Cleaner Air: How Low Emission Zones Reduce Pollution},
            	year={2024},
	month={Jul},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={17144},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp17144},
	abstract={Using a stacked differences-in-differences approach, we study the effects of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) in Germany. The implementation of stage 1 and 2 LEZs, which banned the most pollution-intensive vehicles from city centers, significantly reduced PM10 concentrations. The most restrictive third stage had no detectable, additional effect. Analyzing the mechanisms behind these improvements, we find weak evidence of a 2% traffic decline inside LEZs. Exploiting novel data, our main results document small but precisely estimated effects on the local fleet composition: LEZs induced the replacement of 50,000 older, emission-intensive diesel vehicles with newer, less polluting gasoline cars. Our estimates suggest that LEZs had lower social costs than previously estimated.},
	keywords={low emission zones;vehicle fleet composition;emission standards;social costs;diesel cars},
            }