@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp16990,
            	author={Okumura, Tsunao and Ueno, Yuko and Usui, Emiko},
            	title={Effects of Mandatory Residencies on Female Physicians' Specialty Choices: Evidence from Japan's New Medical Residency Program},
            	year={2024},
	month={May},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={16990},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp16990},
	abstract={Female physicians remain underrepresented in surgical specialties in Japan. The 2004 New Postgraduate Medical Education Program mandated a two-year rotating residency that allowed residents to choose their specialty after training in multiple fields, including surgery. Following this reform, there was a 2.7 percentage points increase in female physicians choosing general surgery and a 1.5 percentage points increase in urology being chosen, compared to male physicians, as well as a 3.4 percentage points decrease in internal medicine being chosen. This shift of female physicians toward male-dominated surgical specialties is primarily seen in breast surgery, catering to female patients, and in urology, known for its shorter workweeks.},
	keywords={specialty choice;policy reform;gender},
            }